For this purpose, we collected plants of Geranium pusillum and G. In the present study a combination of micromorphology (seed and pollen) and morphology is used to carry out species delimitation. Batrachioidea using a combination of morphological, and molecular markers like ISSRs (inter-simple sequence repeats), ITS (internal transcribed spacer DNA of ribosomal DNA) and CP-DNA has been carried out in Iran (Esfandani Bozchaloyi et al. Therefore, in recent years detailed population based study and sampling have been preferred for species delimitation, and a combination of different approaches and molecular data have been used to delimit these taxonomic identities (Esfandani Bozchaloyi et al. In many cases, this approach fails to discriminate species and masks the presence of cryptic species, or discriminates different species while in reality there is only one (Wiens 2007). 2017b, 2018a, 2018b).įield species recognition and sampling are generally based on both discrete qualitative morphological characters as well as quantitative morphological characters that show no overlap with other species. Species delimitation is a difficult task, particularly in species with cross-pollination breeding systems that tend to form frequent inter-specific hybrids (Esfandani Bozchaloyi et al. They can reveal the pattern of gene flow between closely related phylogenetic species versus isolation by distance and identify the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise (Freeland et al. Data obtained can help to understand the patterns and mechanisms of speciation and hybridization (Esfandani Bozchaloyi et al. Plant species delimitation and infra-specific genetic diversity are two important areas of investigation in phylogenetic systematics, evolution, biogeography and biodiversity studies. Inter-specific hybridization is known to occur in the genus Geranium for example, hybrids have been described as G. f., show some degree of morphological overlaps and potential inter-specific hybridization therefore, their taxonomic delimitation becomes somewhat problematic, particularly in areas that overlap in the vicinity. Most Geranium species are herbaceous perennial plants with horizontal rhizomes, but some species are annual. Kotch consists of four species centered in Eurasia, between the Mediterranean region and the Himalaya Mountains. Robertium (Geraniaceae) comprises eight sections, of which Batrachioidea W.D.J. An identification key for subgenera and sections are provided as well (Aedo et al. A brief history of the generic delimitation and infra-generic classification, and a complete description of the genus are provided by Aedo ( 1996). is a cosmopolitan genus, with about 320 species being recognized in three subgenera and 18 sections (Aedo 2017). The ability of a species to adapt to environmental changes depends greatly on the genetic diversity in its gene pool (Nebauer et al. The maintenance of genetic diversity has a considerable significance for the survival of endangered plant species (Mulligan 1974). Understanding the genetic variation within populations is important in choosing conservation strategies for plant species, as the preservation of genetic diversity of the populations is a fundamental goal of conservation biology (Mulligan and Findlay 1970). A consensus tree based on morphological and genetic data separated some of these populations from the others, suggesting the existence of ecotypes in the studied taxa.
In the present study, 84 randomly collected plants from 12 geographical populations of two Geranium species were considered. The present study revealed that a combination of morphological and micro-morphological (seed and pollen) data can separate the species. A detailed morphological, micro-morphological and molecular (ISSR) study of Geranium is done here with the following objectives: (1) to delimitate the species (2) to carry out a population genetic study and produce information on genetic structure and genetic variability within each population in G. In general, taxonomic and biosystematic studies of Geranium are not known in Iran moreover, in a few cases, inter-specific hybrids and intermediate forms are recognized. pyrenaicum Burm is a frost hardy perennial native to areas of France and Spain to the Caucasus. is an annual or biennial herb mainly native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and G. Knowing the genetic diversity within a population is important for choosing the conservation strategies for the species. Successful management and preservation of natural populations depend on accurate assessment of genetic diversity.
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